|
| Title |
| EWS for Volcanic Eruption in Africa, America, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe |
| Maintained By |
World Organization of Volcano Observatories |
| Warning Years |
1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 1985, 2002 |
| Variable Monitored |
volcanic earthquakes and tremor, ground deformation, volcanic gas emission, ground and fumarole temperatures, water-well levels, volcanic eruptions, volcanic mudflows (lahars) |
| Format |
GIS, Remote Sensing, ASCII, Images, Other |
| Continuous Data |
No |
| Real Time Data |
No |
| Data Source |
individual member observatories |
| Data Flow granted for |
> 20 years |
| Funded Life Time of EWS |
> 20 years |
| Technical Description |
| Volcanic eruptions are almost invariably preceded by signs that molten rock (magma) is rising toward the surface and could erupt. Some patterns of precursory activity are so distinctive that eruptions can be forecast to within +- a few hours or days. Other patterns are less distinctive, but at least alert scientists and authorities that the volcano is restless and could erupt.
The best way to save lives from volcanic eruptions is to (a) identify long in advance those areas which are subject to future eruptions, and (b) evacuate those areas when eruptions are imminent. |
| Publications |
| Scarpa, R., and Tilling, R.I., eds., Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards: Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Sigurdsson, H. et al, eds., Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press |
| Conditions that Trigger The Warning |
| Typically, precursory unrest (seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, etc.) escalates and changes character as an eruption nears. Occasionally, sudden quiescence can immediately precede an eruption. |
| Recipients of the Warning |
national - Government
state/provincial - Government
city/town - Government
village - Government
as appropriate, e.g., Red Cross - NGO
civil and commercial aviation - Other
|
| History of the Warning |
1.
Warning Issued:1950,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: village scale evacuations
2.
Warning Issued:1960,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: village scale evacuations
3.
Warning Issued:1970,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: village scale evacuations
4.
Warning Issued:1980,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: 100's of km2-scale evacs
5.
Warning Issued:1990,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: 100's of km2-scale evacs, up to 250,000 people
6.
Warning Issued:2000,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: thus far, 10,000's scale evac
7.
Warning Issued:1985,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: evac not made; 25,000 died
8.
Warning Issued:2002,Januar
Warning Followed By event:No
Action Triggered: last minute evacuation
Comments: Goma, DRC |
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